Chinese clothing is the world's oldest one of the national costumes. That I will introduce you to China What are the characteristics of clothing and its origins
Features: Chinese traditional clothing is divided into Chinese-style clothing and Western-style clothing two categories. Chinese clothing, Western-style clothing by thousands of years of historical accumulation, formed a distinctive style and system, in style, shape, structure, local characteristics, decoration, color, pattern, aesthetic culture are not the same, has its distinctive National and regional.
Origin: Han Chinese clothing is the traditional Chinese national costumes. Its origins can be traced back to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors period until the Ming Dynasty, for thousands of years, the Chinese people have not changed the basic characteristics of clothing, this period the Han nationality wear clothing, known as the Chinese dress, modern called Han. Since the Yellow Emperor Yao and Shun clothes and the rule of the world, the Han Dynasty has clothing, clothing concept, after the Zhou Dynasty Zhou standard system, to the Han Dynasty due to praise Zhou Li and tend to improve and universal, the Han Dynasty due to Wen Jingzhi , The Han Dynasty flourishing and Guangwu Zhongxing, so that the influence of the Han Dynasty reached its peak, the resulting Han Chinese title.
After the Han dynasties, although the local service changes, but the main features of the same, are based on the Han Dynasty as the basic characteristics. The Han Dynasty was one of the most important and eminent dynasties in China. It was also the centralization of the Chinese feudal dynasty.
Features: Chinese traditional clothing is divided into Chinese-style clothing and Western-style clothing two categories. Chinese clothing, Western-style clothing by thousands of years of historical accumulation, formed a distinctive style and system, in style, shape, structure, local characteristics, decoration, color, pattern, aesthetic culture are not the same, has its distinctive National and regional.
Origin: Han Chinese clothing is the traditional Chinese national costumes. Its origins can be traced back to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors period until the Ming Dynasty, for thousands of years, the Chinese people have not changed the basic characteristics of clothing, this period the Han nationality wear clothing, known as the Chinese dress, modern called Han. Since the Yellow Emperor Yao and Shun clothes and the rule of the world, the Han Dynasty has clothing, clothing concept, after the Zhou Dynasty Zhou standard system, to the Han Dynasty due to praise Zhou Li and tend to improve and universal, the Han Dynasty due to Wen Jingzhi , The Han Dynasty flourishing and Guangwu Zhongxing, so that the influence of the Han Dynasty reached its peak, the resulting Han Chinese title.
After the Han dynasties, although the local service changes, but the main features of the same, are based on the Han Dynasty as the basic characteristics. The Han Dynasty was one of the most important and eminent dynasties in China. It was also the centralization of the Chinese feudal dynasty.
China is a traditional children's clothing exporting countries, because children do not have or do not have the ability to protect themselves, the international quality and safety of children's clothing has always been very strict requirements, coupled with the protection of developed countries, market access conditions continue to increase. According to the European Commission non-food rapid alert system (RAPEX) notification data show that children's clothing is recalled products hit hard, in 2011 China's exports of EU children's clothing by RAPEX recalled a total of 162 notifications, of which 156 for the safety of mechanical safety, 6 As a chemical hazard notification. Therefore, the author based on years of work experience that only strengthen the supervision of children's clothing inspection, the elimination of quality and safety risks, in order to enhance the competitiveness of the international market.
First, the export of children's clothing is facing international trade and technical barriers
At present, the export of children's clothing quality and safety aspects of international trade technical barriers are mainly four categories.
1. Garment Machinery physical security technical regulations. Such as the European Union issued 2001/95 / EC "General Product Safety Directive", which children's clothing rope and girdle safety technical standards EN14682-2007 for children under 14 years of age the various parts of the rope are stringent requirements
2. Technical Regulations on Chemical Safety of Garments. EU Directive 2002/61 / EC and 2003/03 / EC prohibit the use of 22 kinds of reduction can be decomposed carcinogenic aromatic amine dyes (banned azo dyes) and "blue dye"; EU Directive 2004/96 / EC provides and The long-term direct metal products of human skin, nickel release of less than 0.5μg / cm2 per week.
3. Public safety technical regulations. In order to reduce the fire caused by textile flammable accidents, many countries in the form of legal provisions of clothing must have a flame retardant function, and must be marked on the product, such as the United States issued by children pajamas burning regulations.
4. Garment biosafety technical regulations. Such as the EU feather down health and cleaning requirements EN12935-2001 oxygen index must be less than 20, Salmonella 20g not be detected and so on.
Second, the export of children's clothing exists the main quality and safety risks
1. Design there are security risks. Children's clothing design affect the use of safety mainly in two aspects: First, rope design is unreasonable. Head and neck of the rope may be due to unintentional winding or accidentally hooked, children, especially infants and young children strangled suffocation risk; chest, waist and other parts of the rope in the process of playing children may lead to towing casualties ACCIDENT. In June 29, 2012 RAPEX announcement, China's exports to Hungary a number of models for the E-374B Huasheng children's suits due to hood and waist area with drawstring, and the rope at the end of a plastic bolt, there is injury And the risk of injury, does not meet the EN14682 standard was recalled; Second, decorations, small parts design is unreasonable. Beautiful ornaments, small parts of course, can increase the selling point to the clothing, but children's curiosity will tear, bite, resulting in ornaments and small parts separated or falling, prone to swallowing, suffocation damage. Such as a group of children's clothing exports to the EU because of the compass dressing cover contains alkane C10-C16 mineral oil, swallowing easily lead to the risk of chemical pneumonia, does not meet the 2001/95 / EC directive was recalled.
2. children's clothing accessories surface chemical safety indicators failed. First, the surface materials contain banned azo dyes. Second, PH value does not meet the standard requirements. Third, formaldehyde content exceeds the requirements, such as infant clothing formaldehyde content of more than 20mg / kg. Fourth, heavy metals, nickel, lead, cadmium content exceeded. Fifth, phthalate (plasticizer) content exceeded. Six is the color fastness unqualified.
3. Manufacturing defects. First, sewing is not strong, poor adhesion fastness. All kinds of buttons, rivets, decorative pieces of flash and other decorative pieces of the fastness of the sewing did not meet the requirements of the provisions of the local printing and hot drilling products, poor adhesion fastness, etc., are easy to lead to small parts off, Children swallowing or other security risks. March 2011, CPSC informed of a group of Chinese-made 1600 girls jeans pants pocket on the mosaic of artificial diamonds and small pieces of metal easy to fall off, causing the risk of suffocation was recalled; the second is broken needle residue. Broken, residual needle in the children's clothing will remain in the child's innocuous skin damage. Japan PL law requires the importation of clothing, whether adult or children's clothing shall not exist broken, residual needle.
4. Flame retardant performance is not up to standard. In 2011, China's five batches of children's pajamas by the United States CPSC notice of failure due to fire-retardant performance recall. Fabric burns too fast or after burning produce children easily lead to burns, burns, and even life-threatening. Canada has developed a special Dangerous Products (Children's Pajamas) Ordinance (SOR / 87-443) for different age groups. The United States also has children pajamas burning regulations 16CFRPart1615, 16CFRPart1616.
Third, the export of children's clothing quality and safety risks exist reasons
The author found in the work, export children's clothing has been repeatedly notified and recalled there is a certain product quality and safety risks, there are three reasons.
1. The lack of children's product design for risk assessment. At present, China's exports of children's clothing trade is still OEM-based, children's wear manufacturers entirely in accordance with the requirements of the brand owner's production requirements, due to poor communication or information is not synchronized so that some enterprises can not keep abreast of the latest technical regulations, Second, the lack of awareness of the importance of regulations, blindly meet customer requirements, leading to the design of children's clothing, small parts, such as the use does not meet the relevant technical requirements of importing countries.
2. The lack of effective control of raw and auxiliary materials safety and quality. With the disorderly competition in the industry, on the one hand labor and other production costs, some small businesses in order to reduce costs to buy low-cost sub-raw materials; the other hand, some children's clothing enterprises processing, provided by the raw and auxiliary materials . Children's clothing raw materials of toxic and harmful substances mainly from the production of raw materials, yarn weaving, dyeing, finishing and clothing and a series of processing, if the process is slightly negligent, there will be disabled aromatic amines, Low formaldehyde content and other potential chemical risks; accessories (such as buttons, zippers) are also the risk of excessive heavy metals.
3. The lack of key points in the production process quality of self-test control. At present, China's garment industry presents a pattern of "big industry and small enterprise". On the one hand, because of the low threshold of garment industry, especially knitted garment enterprises, most of them have weak foundation, lack of necessary testing equipment and management tools; secondly, to further reduce labor cost, Some enterprises as "setter", sewing processing outward, only finished product inspection and packaging, as the quality and safety of garment factory key control point is sewing, bonding and needle detection and other key processes, it can not be effective for quality and safety monitor.
Fourth, the elimination of export children 's clothing quality and safety risk measures
To ensure the quality and safety of children's clothing exports, I believe that the inspection and quarantine departments should move forward regulatory port, the children's clothing from the regular size, sewing and other exterior items turned to the inspection of key products and safety, health quality inspection supervision, Help enterprises to establish the appropriate quality and safety protection system, the real export enterprises to protect children's clothing.
1. To strengthen the supervision of children's product design. First, do the "propagandist." Through training, inspection and exchange of enterprises and other forms of interactive platform for enterprises to understand foreign mandatory standards, regulations, directives and other policies to improve the identification of customer design solutions. Second, do the "instructor." The children's clothing in the rope and the strap design, zippers and other small parts of the use of buttons related products in the importing country to comply with technical regulations and guidance to improve the design of children's clothing safety, avoid design errors lead to trade risks.
2. Strengthen the source of supervision. First, require enterprises to establish high-risk raw materials ledger, the selection of safe environmental protection of raw and auxiliary materials, including authoritative testing organizations issued by the chemical safety projects such as banned azo dyes, PH, formaldehyde content and coating heavy metal content test report And compliance declarations, use of write-offs, and so on. Second, the enterprise high-risk raw and auxiliary materials ledger to carry out supervision and verification, and the results of the implementation of random checks to verify, from the source to eliminate security risks.
3. To strengthen the key process of children's production safety supervision. First, require enterprises to establish the first kind of management system to ensure that the first sample production process parameters of the correct choice. The second is to require enterprises to establish the whole process of production inspection system for high-risk security projects must be equipped with the necessary testing equipment, such as buttons Rally, needle detection machines, children's sewing fastness, adhesion fastness and other security project quality should be timed Monitoring, to ensure that meet the technical requirements of importing countries. The third is to require enterprises to establish a system of registration of dangerous goods, to prevent the production process of the residue of dangerous substances.
4. To strengthen the supervision and management of enterprise laboratories. Detection is to improve the quality and safety of children's clothing one of the means effective, qualified enterprises can establish their own testing laboratories. Inspection and quarantine departments through training, organization of enterprise laboratories to carry out than the test and other activities to help companies improve the detection level detection.
5. To strengthen the classification of children's clothing business management. In accordance with the "risk analysis, normative assessment, dynamic adjustment, excellent wide inferior" principle, improve the effectiveness of inspection and supervision. The production of backward management of enterprises and products of high risk products focus on the implementation of supervision, to prevent the export of children's clothing quality and safety risks have been notified or recalled.(the article from huayi.com)
First, the export of children's clothing is facing international trade and technical barriers
At present, the export of children's clothing quality and safety aspects of international trade technical barriers are mainly four categories.
1. Garment Machinery physical security technical regulations. Such as the European Union issued 2001/95 / EC "General Product Safety Directive", which children's clothing rope and girdle safety technical standards EN14682-2007 for children under 14 years of age the various parts of the rope are stringent requirements
2. Technical Regulations on Chemical Safety of Garments. EU Directive 2002/61 / EC and 2003/03 / EC prohibit the use of 22 kinds of reduction can be decomposed carcinogenic aromatic amine dyes (banned azo dyes) and "blue dye"; EU Directive 2004/96 / EC provides and The long-term direct metal products of human skin, nickel release of less than 0.5μg / cm2 per week.
3. Public safety technical regulations. In order to reduce the fire caused by textile flammable accidents, many countries in the form of legal provisions of clothing must have a flame retardant function, and must be marked on the product, such as the United States issued by children pajamas burning regulations.
4. Garment biosafety technical regulations. Such as the EU feather down health and cleaning requirements EN12935-2001 oxygen index must be less than 20, Salmonella 20g not be detected and so on.
Second, the export of children's clothing exists the main quality and safety risks
1. Design there are security risks. Children's clothing design affect the use of safety mainly in two aspects: First, rope design is unreasonable. Head and neck of the rope may be due to unintentional winding or accidentally hooked, children, especially infants and young children strangled suffocation risk; chest, waist and other parts of the rope in the process of playing children may lead to towing casualties ACCIDENT. In June 29, 2012 RAPEX announcement, China's exports to Hungary a number of models for the E-374B Huasheng children's suits due to hood and waist area with drawstring, and the rope at the end of a plastic bolt, there is injury And the risk of injury, does not meet the EN14682 standard was recalled; Second, decorations, small parts design is unreasonable. Beautiful ornaments, small parts of course, can increase the selling point to the clothing, but children's curiosity will tear, bite, resulting in ornaments and small parts separated or falling, prone to swallowing, suffocation damage. Such as a group of children's clothing exports to the EU because of the compass dressing cover contains alkane C10-C16 mineral oil, swallowing easily lead to the risk of chemical pneumonia, does not meet the 2001/95 / EC directive was recalled.
2. children's clothing accessories surface chemical safety indicators failed. First, the surface materials contain banned azo dyes. Second, PH value does not meet the standard requirements. Third, formaldehyde content exceeds the requirements, such as infant clothing formaldehyde content of more than 20mg / kg. Fourth, heavy metals, nickel, lead, cadmium content exceeded. Fifth, phthalate (plasticizer) content exceeded. Six is the color fastness unqualified.
3. Manufacturing defects. First, sewing is not strong, poor adhesion fastness. All kinds of buttons, rivets, decorative pieces of flash and other decorative pieces of the fastness of the sewing did not meet the requirements of the provisions of the local printing and hot drilling products, poor adhesion fastness, etc., are easy to lead to small parts off, Children swallowing or other security risks. March 2011, CPSC informed of a group of Chinese-made 1600 girls jeans pants pocket on the mosaic of artificial diamonds and small pieces of metal easy to fall off, causing the risk of suffocation was recalled; the second is broken needle residue. Broken, residual needle in the children's clothing will remain in the child's innocuous skin damage. Japan PL law requires the importation of clothing, whether adult or children's clothing shall not exist broken, residual needle.
4. Flame retardant performance is not up to standard. In 2011, China's five batches of children's pajamas by the United States CPSC notice of failure due to fire-retardant performance recall. Fabric burns too fast or after burning produce children easily lead to burns, burns, and even life-threatening. Canada has developed a special Dangerous Products (Children's Pajamas) Ordinance (SOR / 87-443) for different age groups. The United States also has children pajamas burning regulations 16CFRPart1615, 16CFRPart1616.
Third, the export of children's clothing quality and safety risks exist reasons
The author found in the work, export children's clothing has been repeatedly notified and recalled there is a certain product quality and safety risks, there are three reasons.
1. The lack of children's product design for risk assessment. At present, China's exports of children's clothing trade is still OEM-based, children's wear manufacturers entirely in accordance with the requirements of the brand owner's production requirements, due to poor communication or information is not synchronized so that some enterprises can not keep abreast of the latest technical regulations, Second, the lack of awareness of the importance of regulations, blindly meet customer requirements, leading to the design of children's clothing, small parts, such as the use does not meet the relevant technical requirements of importing countries.
2. The lack of effective control of raw and auxiliary materials safety and quality. With the disorderly competition in the industry, on the one hand labor and other production costs, some small businesses in order to reduce costs to buy low-cost sub-raw materials; the other hand, some children's clothing enterprises processing, provided by the raw and auxiliary materials . Children's clothing raw materials of toxic and harmful substances mainly from the production of raw materials, yarn weaving, dyeing, finishing and clothing and a series of processing, if the process is slightly negligent, there will be disabled aromatic amines, Low formaldehyde content and other potential chemical risks; accessories (such as buttons, zippers) are also the risk of excessive heavy metals.
3. The lack of key points in the production process quality of self-test control. At present, China's garment industry presents a pattern of "big industry and small enterprise". On the one hand, because of the low threshold of garment industry, especially knitted garment enterprises, most of them have weak foundation, lack of necessary testing equipment and management tools; secondly, to further reduce labor cost, Some enterprises as "setter", sewing processing outward, only finished product inspection and packaging, as the quality and safety of garment factory key control point is sewing, bonding and needle detection and other key processes, it can not be effective for quality and safety monitor.
Fourth, the elimination of export children 's clothing quality and safety risk measures
To ensure the quality and safety of children's clothing exports, I believe that the inspection and quarantine departments should move forward regulatory port, the children's clothing from the regular size, sewing and other exterior items turned to the inspection of key products and safety, health quality inspection supervision, Help enterprises to establish the appropriate quality and safety protection system, the real export enterprises to protect children's clothing.
1. To strengthen the supervision of children's product design. First, do the "propagandist." Through training, inspection and exchange of enterprises and other forms of interactive platform for enterprises to understand foreign mandatory standards, regulations, directives and other policies to improve the identification of customer design solutions. Second, do the "instructor." The children's clothing in the rope and the strap design, zippers and other small parts of the use of buttons related products in the importing country to comply with technical regulations and guidance to improve the design of children's clothing safety, avoid design errors lead to trade risks.
2. Strengthen the source of supervision. First, require enterprises to establish high-risk raw materials ledger, the selection of safe environmental protection of raw and auxiliary materials, including authoritative testing organizations issued by the chemical safety projects such as banned azo dyes, PH, formaldehyde content and coating heavy metal content test report And compliance declarations, use of write-offs, and so on. Second, the enterprise high-risk raw and auxiliary materials ledger to carry out supervision and verification, and the results of the implementation of random checks to verify, from the source to eliminate security risks.
3. To strengthen the key process of children's production safety supervision. First, require enterprises to establish the first kind of management system to ensure that the first sample production process parameters of the correct choice. The second is to require enterprises to establish the whole process of production inspection system for high-risk security projects must be equipped with the necessary testing equipment, such as buttons Rally, needle detection machines, children's sewing fastness, adhesion fastness and other security project quality should be timed Monitoring, to ensure that meet the technical requirements of importing countries. The third is to require enterprises to establish a system of registration of dangerous goods, to prevent the production process of the residue of dangerous substances.
4. To strengthen the supervision and management of enterprise laboratories. Detection is to improve the quality and safety of children's clothing one of the means effective, qualified enterprises can establish their own testing laboratories. Inspection and quarantine departments through training, organization of enterprise laboratories to carry out than the test and other activities to help companies improve the detection level detection.
5. To strengthen the classification of children's clothing business management. In accordance with the "risk analysis, normative assessment, dynamic adjustment, excellent wide inferior" principle, improve the effectiveness of inspection and supervision. The production of backward management of enterprises and products of high risk products focus on the implementation of supervision, to prevent the export of children's clothing quality and safety risks have been notified or recalled.(the article from huayi.com)
