Materials which are made by combining two or more materials differing in composition or form.
Eco-friendly green composites, which may replace conventional manmade fibre-reinforced plastics, have been increasingly considered as promising materials due to their many advantages, like using a natural resource, environmental friendliness, sustainability, lightness, carbon dioxide reduction in nature, etc. Their unique balance of properties would open up new market development opportunities for bio-composites in the twenty-first–century’s, green materials world.
Composites are widely used in our day to day life due to their low weight and ability to be tailored for specific end use. They have gained a considerable ground in the high-performance applications, such as aerospace and automobile industry. However, the use of polymers that can be recycled when used with carbon and other niche fibres renders the composite non-recyclable. This has become a major issue as the landfills are filling up at a faster pace along with the need for going green due to global warming.
To tackle these issues research in recent years has been focused on substituting olefin (polypropylene, polyethylene, etc) based composites with biodegradable ones. Green composites are a specific class of biocomposites, where a bio-based polymer matrix is reinforced by natural fibres, and they represent an emerging area in polymer science. In order to achieve the goal of recyclable composites, natural fibres are surfaced as the fibres of choice for reinforcing composites. Bio-composites and green composites are being developed to address issues such as resource saving, lightweight, low cost, carbon neutral, and eco-friendly through stages of a product’s lifecycle.
Fast growing population, eco and health awareness create large space for future expansion of natural fibres. This can help to stop forests depletion, the flood of non-biodegradable wastes, environmental degradation, and also raise the living standards of rural areas in many parts of the globe.
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Introduction
Composites are biphase or multiphase materials which are made by combining two or more materials differing in composition or form. Due to their low weight and ability to be tailored for specific end use they have gained a considerable ground in high-performance applications. Biopolymers or synthetic polymers reinforced with natural fibres (Sisal, Jute, Silk, Coir, Bamboo, Arecanut and Pundi) frequently termed as “bio-composites” can be viable alternatives to glass fibre reinforced composites. “Green Composite” is a completely bio-based composite; both matrix and fibre are completely biodegradable and renewable.
Green-composites
Green composites are completely bio-based composites in which both matrix and fibre are completely biodegradable and renewable. Natural, vegetable fibres can be applied to reinforce the natural polymers such as starch, lignin, hemicellulose and India-rubber which results in 100% biodegradable material. Essentials for green composites are high strength natural fibres, resins with good bio-degradability and optimum fibre/resin interfacial bonding.
Composite properties depend on the properties of the constituents, i.e. the fibres and resins used. The strength and stiffness of the composites are directly a function of the reinforcing fibre properties which carry most of the load, and their volume content. The resin helps to maintain the relative position of the fibres within the composite and, more importantly, transfers the load from broken fibres to the intact fibres. As a result, fibre/resin interfacial properties are also important and have a significant effect on composite properties, including toughness and transverse fracture stress. In summary, to fabricate high strength composites all three factors, namely, fibre properties, resin properties as well as the fibre/resin interface characteristics are critical.
Reinforcing Biofibres
In biocomposites, the bio-fibres serve as a reinforcement by enhancing the strength and stiffness of the resulting composite structures. Sources, origin, nature, as well as the physical and chemical composition of different natural fibres, have been reviewed. The conventional fibres like glass, carbon, aramid, etc., can be produced with a definite range of properties, whereas the characteristic properties of natural fibres vary considerably. This depends on whether the fibres are taken from plant stem or leaves, the quality of the plants’ locations, the age of the plant and the preconditioning. Depending on their origin, the natural fibres may be grouped into leaf, bast, seed, and fruit origin.
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The natural fibres are lignocellulosic in nature. Lignocellulosic materials are the most abundant renewable biomaterial of photosynthesis on earth. In terms of mass units, the net primary production per year is estimated to be 2X1011 tons as compared to synthetic polymers by 1.5X108 tons. Lignocellulosic materials are widely distributed in the biosphere in the form of trees (wood), plants and crops. Cellulose, in its various forms, constitutes approximately half of all polymer utilized in the industry worldwide.
For more industry information, please pay attention to Knitting Fair.
Source: textile school
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The design is an arrangement of part, form, color, fabric, and line. For example, to create a version of a style. This definition is applicable for apparel or clothing. In general, the design is arrangement putting out creative ideas on paper or any of the three-dimensional form.There are different types of designs such as industrial design, graphic design, textile design, fashion design, etc.
Designing in Textile Industry
There are different types of designs such as industrial design, graphic design, textile design, fashion design, etc.
Textile design
Is the design of fabrics for a Variety of purposes from clothes to carpets. In this professions, the color, shape, texture, and pattern are the key elements.
Fashion design
It is concerned with how needs are identified, related and in some cases stimulated. It affects the ways in which our materials, energy, skills and other resources are employed to satisfy them fully, it calls upon enterprise enthusiasm, inventiveness and ingenuity, scientific discovery and technical knowledge, the power of visualization together with knowledge of human capabilities and aesthetic sensibility. Designing requires patience and planning. Crating or styling the appearance of a person with reference to clothing, accessories beauty in corresponding with the personality of any individual is fashion designing.Fashion designing involves knowledge of basic elements of designing, understanding color cycle, a brief study of the history of clothing, knowledge of fibers and different fabrics.Fashion can be defined as a design that is accepted by a given segment of the population.
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Fashion is constantly changing and as a new design becomes popular a new standard of beauty becomes desirable. Often a new fashion begins when the proportion of a garment is altered, for example, a silhouette is changed in width or a skirt is lengthened. Usually, when a truly innovative fashion begins, it takes a long time for the general public to retain its eye and develop an appreciation for a new look. As more people wear the item interpret it in many different ways, the mass of people finds it easier to accept the fashion, as beautiful.Designing means moving from the state of randomness to the higher state of organization, to create a design or impression or to communicate an important/ innovative idea. On the highest-level design is the careful and knowledgeable manipulation of art elements to produce an expressive personal idea.
There are two basic divisions of designing in the field of garment technology.
1. Structural designing
2. Decorative designing
Structural Design
Structural designs are intrinsic parts of materials. They are created through manipulation of fabrications, color, or texture. Structural design created through fabrication depends on the use of color and texture in the yarns forming loops or interlacing patterns in the fabric. The knitting machines or looms must also have the technology for varying fabric structure. Structural designs formed as the material is made.Structural design includes the all over design of a garment. The form and shape plus all the details involved in assembling the sections of the garment such as darts, pleats, tucks, etc are the part of structural design.It may add a decorative quality if emphasized by color contrast or row of topstitching to outline the basic garment parts. In apparel, structural design is more important because it is the fundamental component of the design.To draw a structural design a form or human croquet is not necessary. The designers in the buying house do these designs. In this category, the designs are drawn on the specification chart where many trimmings are not used. This design will be simple and well defined by their construction, color, thread, and trimmings to be used. It will not be draped on the form. It will be speeded so that the pattern master can create a proper sample according to the specifications mentions such as its measurements, its sweep line (Hemline) its neckline and any other type of cuts used.
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Decorative Design
Here it refers to the design, which is drawn by the beginner (learners) as well as the boutique designers. These drawn will be draped over it. It is not produced in bulk so it will have more trimmings, prints, embroidery, buttons (that do not fasten) and tacked on bows. The customer will select the garment that is designed, then it will be very costly, in these designs the fabric style and color combinations are described so that one can select the design. In this design category specification charts are not prepared, not it is stitched for standard measurement. It is the design and outfit are made for an individual customer.The decorative design is created by printing, embroidery, quilting, appliqué, or other forms of fabric decoration. Some decorative designs are mass produced and very economical. Others are individual creations that are highly labor intensive. Roller and screen printing is probably the most commonly used forms of decorative design. Problems that are sometimes associated with printed designs are fuzzy patterns.In general, structural designs are more permanent better quality; and more durable than decorative designs. Structural designs are more expensive to produce than decorative designs due to slower production and longer set up time.
For more industry information, please pay attention to Knitting Fair.
Source: textile school
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