Fabrics from Man-Made Fibers are made from
fibers which are either completely made from inorganic or organic materials
combined with chemicals. Synthetic fabrics have numerous properties with the
purpose for which it is produced and finished. Some are lightweight with ultra
sheer while others are moisture wicking and fast drying. Few are very luxurious
to imitate some other natural fabrics and some are very strong and tough.
Man-made fibers are mainly divided into two
groups:
1. Manufactured with Natural Polymers are
cellulosic fibers that have been made by chemically changing the natural
material
2. Manufactured with Synthetic Polymers are
generally derived from petrochemicals which are processed into polymer
substances and then melted in the spinning process and extruded as polyester
fibers.
1.
Man-made
Fibers from Natural Polymers
Rayon comes from the wood pulp of the
eucalyptus, pine or beech wood. It can also be made from short cotton fibers
called cotton linters – a waste product from the cotton processing industry.
Rayon fabric is a synthetic textile fiber which is obtained by forcing a
cellulose solution through fine spinnerets. In other words, rayon fabric is a
final result of solidifying filaments.
The process of making rayon is quite distinct; through which natural raw
supplies are transformed to make it practical.
Cellulose acetate is a combination of
cellulose from wood pulp and acetic acid. It is a dry, granular substance which
can be dry spun when dissolved in acetone.
Made from the cellulose and obtained by
reconstructing cotton or wood pulp, Acetate fabric is resistant to shrinkage,
moth, and mildew. Acetate is a fabric which gives extremely soft and luxurious
look just like silk fabric.
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Lyocell is the generic name for a group of
fibers derived from plant cellulose. One of the most important of these fibers
is Tencel® developed by Courthauld.
Although the main source of lyocell is wood
pulp, unlike viscose, the manufacturing process is quite different and has been
developed to be more environmentally sensitive. The whole process of Lyocell is
considered eco-friendly since waste can be re-used.
Azlon fibers are composed of protein
materials derived from natural sources. It is produced, like other synthetic
fibers, by converting the raw material to a solution that is extruded through
the holes of a device called a spinneret and then stretched to improve the
alignment of the chains of molecules making up the fibers.
2.
Man-made
fibers from Synthetic Polymers
Polyester is a type of fabric that is not
found naturally. The polyester fabric is man-made, which has a huge market
share (more than 50%) compared to other commercially used fibers. The fabric is
widely used in various applications and is very much in demand in markets. This
fabric has various qualities due to those it is so popular like wrinkle
resistance and springing back into its smooth shape. The fabric is very strong
and soft as well. The polyester fabric can also be mixed with other fabrics to
make a strong and durable fabric or to achieve any other motive. For example,
In upholstery, polyester is generally blended with wool to eliminate crushing
and reduce fading. There are various uses of polyester fabric like it is used
in casement curtains, draperies, floor coverings, throw rugs, bedding, and as a
cushioning or insulating material.
Nylon fabric is preferred amidst all other
fabrics as it is really strong and has a strong ability of stretchiness. High
elasticity of nylon fabrics makes it prime use in like of luggage baggage,
wallets and many more. In addition, nylon fabrics are easy to maintain as gets
cleaned and dried without any special effort.
Nylon Fabrics are availed in the latest forms
that are much stiffer and lighter in weight. Since it is highly durable, nylon
fabric makes the cloth or the other long lasting and wears and tears resistant.
Nylon is the polymer of amide, termed as polyamide extracted from the
petroleum.
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Acrylic fabrics is a kind of the synthetic
fiber that is artificially manufactured. Acrylic fabrics can also be referred
as the imitation of wool. Acrylic fabrics are used to make loads of apparels
and many other things. The main use of the Acrylic fabrics is in outfits like
shirts and many other ladies outfits. Also, Acrylic fabrics are used in seats
of chairs and sofas as well. Acrylic fabrics are known for their stiffness and
ability to wear and tear resistance. Acrylic also does not possess the glaze
for a longer period of time.
Acrylic fabrics are available mainly in two
forms that are ‘Courtelle’ and ‘Orlon’. These fabrics are known for their
durability and especially Orlon is reckoned for its light weightiness. These
kinds of Acrylic fabrics serve plenty of option in shapes and designs. In the
market, there are several manufacturers and suppliers in the business of the
Acrylic fabrics. That shows the popularity of Acrylic fabrics amidst masses.
Because of its great shape retention quality,
spandex fabric is widely used as the fashion fabric. The important point to
note about spandex fabric is that it bounces back to its original structure
even after stretching up to 600 times. Highly durable superior strength spandex
fabric is resistant to dry heat and oil. Providing great comfort and
flexibility it does not put on weight on the body of the wearer.
Lastex fabric basically refers to an elastic
fiber that is made from Latex. The lastex fabric is used with other complex
fibers with a intent to made different fabrics like spandex and foundation
garments.
Polypropylene fabric is especially meant for
winter seasons because the only layer of hundred percent polypropylene rib knit
generally stays dry and due to this feature, it keeps one’s body warmer. A
high-quality lightweight polypropylene fabric is preferred in winter season
because it allows a user to perform any moderate activity in cold weather at
ease.
Polypropylene fabric basically consists of
hydrophobic which relinquishes any possibility of moisture in such fabric and
further its pushes the moisture vapor away from the skin. Entailing a large
number of features, polypropylene fabric can simply be termed stunning in each
and every aspect.
#??#
Polyethylene fabric is a distinct fabric that
is highly acclaimed in the domestic and industrial sectors. Polyethylene fabric
is known for its unmatchable density and strength that is superior to all
others. Polyethylene fabric is a type of a synthetic fabric that is
manufactured in the labs.
For more news , please pay attention to
knitting fair.
Source: Textile School
#??#
SoGoodToWear: Reviving the cashmere industry in Nepal
Amsterdam - SoGoodToWear is not your average
fashion brand. The Dutch, fair trade fashion brand offers the perfect, luxury
cashmere basics. But simply making the best possible garments in the best
possible way is not enough for founders Fons and Jacqui Burger. In order to
help kick start real change within the fashion industry, the duo decided to
launch a new initiative which focuses on sustainable manufacturing. They
launched a crowdfunding campaign in the hopes of raising enough money to revive
a forgotten industry in Nepal. Now through the SoGoodToWear cooperative, a new
social enterprise set up by the Burger’s, the brand aims to bring back the
local cashmere industry and establish their supply-chain to Nepal.
“A long, long time ago they used to have
cashmere goats in Nepal, but the industry in the area has slowly faded away. So
we began researching the possibility of reintroducing cashmere goats in Nepal,
as we found out that the knitting of cashmere is very sophisticated, yet
outdated craft in the country,” explained Jacqui Burger. The idea for the
initiative stems back to 2015 when Jacqui and Fons visited Nepal. After
travelling to the far west, they came face to face with the harsh reality
thousands of locals in Gorkha were faced with after being struck by an
earthquake. Many of them were struggling to rebuild their homes and
livelihoods, after losing everything during the natural disaster. The Burgers
sought a way to provide structural employment in the remote areas of Nepal for
the years to come, rather than just emergency aid. “We were thinking how great
it could be if we could offer them jobs, income and economic perspectives for
the future without harming the beautiful nature there. So we thought maybe we
could do something with goats.”
SoGoodToWear to revive the
cashmere industry in Nepal via 'Goats for Gorkha'
The two began researching the possibilities
of reintroducing cashmere goat herding to the region after discovering the
country’s rich history working with cashmere. “They use wonderful techniques,
but there is hardly any innovation,” said Burger. “At the moment the resource
itself, the cashmere wool , has to be imported from China, and import taxes are
sky high, which makes Nepal not very competitive for the market. So we thought
it would be great if we could combine the two things - innovate the local
knitting industry of cashmere and reintroduce the whole supply chain from the
goat onwards.” In order to fund the initiative, the Burgers decided to launch
an international cooperative under SoGoodToWear, and raise money via
crowdfunding. This way everyone who invests in the cooperative will also own a
share of the business . “We wanted to create a social enterprise, not a private
company, which is as much ours, as it is the goat herders in Nepal. We also
want to control our entire cashmere supply chain in terms of fair trade and
animal welfare issues.”
In order to join the SoGoodToWear
cooperative, investors must buy a cashmere goat for 100 euros. Up to five
people can pool their resources to buy a goat together. Afterwards, they will
be able to see exactly where the money goes and be kept up to date with the
initiative. In addition, t hey also receive 20 percent discount on
SoGoodToWear garments , which will eventually be made from the local cashmere .
After successfully raising 50,000 euros, the cooperation iscurrently in the
process of linking farmers with small herds of 10 t o 20 cashmere goats.
Because there has not been a purebred type of pashmina goat, the Nepalese word
for cashmere, in the country for a long time, SoGoodToWear aims to cross breed
local goats from the region with imported male cashmere goats from Italy from
its partner Nora Kravis . “This cross breeding will have two advantages as the
cashmere goats from Europe are used to producing thicker coats at a lower
altitude and they are genetically adapted to thrive in lower heights,” added
Burger. “Plus, they are gorgeous.”
SoGoodToWear to bring back the
whole cashmere supply-chain to Nepal
There are two reasons why SoGoodToWear is
linking families with smaller herds. One is because they want to help as many
families in as many villages as possible. But they also aim to protect and
preserve the natural habitats in the region. “If you have big herds then they
can be very destructive, as they eat everything in sight. So we have smaller
herders and are training the goat herders what type of areas they should bring
their herds to, to avoid areas with new trees and bushes and creating specific
routes to do the least possible harm to nature.” In addition, the project will
also positively impact the communities of the farmers involved, as SoGoodToWear
also supplies them with solar energy, clean water and workshops. “So the entire
community benefits from that.”
SoGoodToWear is set to build community spaces
in the villages of Gunchock and Deurali, where the Nepalese cooperative members
will be offered training on how to manage the central herds. Spinning wheels
will also be present in the community room. “Cashmere is so valuable. When we
take the raw wool of the goat and do the combing and dehairing, we will do it
by hand. In China, this process is done by the machines, which leads to half of
the hairs being lost," she explained. "But when it is done by hand,
it is a simple job, hardly any is lost. Plus it is a job that nearly anyone can
do, even those with a physical disability." SoGoodToWear also aims to
teach the locals in Nepal how to spin the cashmere wool and naturally dye it.
In this way, they aim to create new jobs and take control of their own cashmere
supply chain, from the goat to the finished product.
SoGoodToWear: Making fashion the
way it should be made
SoGoodToWear expects to have produced the
first batch of its own cashmere in a year from now. From there on, they will
start to make new collections, with the aim ensuring that 100 percent of their
cashmere is own sourced within 4 to 6 years. “At the moment we purchase
certified cashmere wool to use in our collections. But this is still not ideal,
as when we want to travel to places where this cashmere wool is gathered, we
can’t. It makes it hard. Taking control of our own supply chain by working with
the social enterprise to produce our own cashmere, makes things a lot easier
for us. Of course, it’s not just about having a good supply chain, we also work
hard to ensure that our products are designed well and are appealing to
customers, so it's not just a charity project. We are just making fashion the
way it should be made.”
For more news, please pay attention to Cardigan
fair.
Source:
FASHIONUNITED
Amsterdam - SoGoodToWear is not your average
fashion brand. The Dutch, fair trade fashion brand offers the perfect, luxury
cashmere basics. But simply making the best possible garments in the best
possible way is not enough for founders Fons and Jacqui Burger. In order to
help kick start real change within the fashion industry, the duo decided to
launch a new initiative which focuses on sustainable manufacturing. They
launched a crowdfunding campaign in the hopes of raising enough money to revive
a forgotten industry in Nepal. Now through the SoGoodToWear cooperative, a new
social enterprise set up by the Burger’s, the brand aims to bring back the
local cashmere industry and establish their supply-chain to Nepal.
“A long, long time ago they used to have
cashmere goats in Nepal, but the industry in the area has slowly faded away. So
we began researching the possibility of reintroducing cashmere goats in Nepal,
as we found out that the knitting of cashmere is very sophisticated, yet
outdated craft in the country,” explained Jacqui Burger. The idea for the
initiative stems back to 2015 when Jacqui and Fons visited Nepal. After
travelling to the far west, they came face to face with the harsh reality
thousands of locals in Gorkha were faced with after being struck by an
earthquake. Many of them were struggling to rebuild their homes and
livelihoods, after losing everything during the natural disaster. The Burgers
sought a way to provide structural employment in the remote areas of Nepal for
the years to come, rather than just emergency aid. “We were thinking how great
it could be if we could offer them jobs, income and economic perspectives for
the future without harming the beautiful nature there. So we thought maybe we
could do something with goats.”
#??#
SoGoodToWear to revive the
cashmere industry in Nepal via 'Goats for Gorkha'
The two began researching the possibilities
of reintroducing cashmere goat herding to the region after discovering the
country’s rich history working with cashmere. “They use wonderful techniques,
but there is hardly any innovation,” said Burger. “At the moment the resource
itself, the cashmere wool , has to be imported from China, and import taxes are
sky high, which makes Nepal not very competitive for the market. So we thought
it would be great if we could combine the two things - innovate the local
knitting industry of cashmere and reintroduce the whole supply chain from the
goat onwards.” In order to fund the initiative, the Burgers decided to launch
an international cooperative under SoGoodToWear, and raise money via
crowdfunding. This way everyone who invests in the cooperative will also own a
share of the business . “We wanted to create a social enterprise, not a private
company, which is as much ours, as it is the goat herders in Nepal. We also
want to control our entire cashmere supply chain in terms of fair trade and
animal welfare issues.”
In order to join the SoGoodToWear
cooperative, investors must buy a cashmere goat for 100 euros. Up to five
people can pool their resources to buy a goat together. Afterwards, they will
be able to see exactly where the money goes and be kept up to date with the
initiative. In addition, t hey also receive 20 percent discount on
SoGoodToWear garments , which will eventually be made from the local cashmere .
After successfully raising 50,000 euros, the cooperation iscurrently in the
process of linking farmers with small herds of 10 t o 20 cashmere goats.
Because there has not been a purebred type of pashmina goat, the Nepalese word
for cashmere, in the country for a long time, SoGoodToWear aims to cross breed
local goats from the region with imported male cashmere goats from Italy from
its partner Nora Kravis . “This cross breeding will have two advantages as the
cashmere goats from Europe are used to producing thicker coats at a lower
altitude and they are genetically adapted to thrive in lower heights,” added
Burger. “Plus, they are gorgeous.”
#??#
SoGoodToWear to bring back the
whole cashmere supply-chain to Nepal
There are two reasons why SoGoodToWear is
linking families with smaller herds. One is because they want to help as many
families in as many villages as possible. But they also aim to protect and
preserve the natural habitats in the region. “If you have big herds then they
can be very destructive, as they eat everything in sight. So we have smaller
herders and are training the goat herders what type of areas they should bring
their herds to, to avoid areas with new trees and bushes and creating specific
routes to do the least possible harm to nature.” In addition, the project will
also positively impact the communities of the farmers involved, as SoGoodToWear
also supplies them with solar energy, clean water and workshops. “So the entire
community benefits from that.”
SoGoodToWear is set to build community spaces
in the villages of Gunchock and Deurali, where the Nepalese cooperative members
will be offered training on how to manage the central herds. Spinning wheels
will also be present in the community room. “Cashmere is so valuable. When we
take the raw wool of the goat and do the combing and dehairing, we will do it
by hand. In China, this process is done by the machines, which leads to half of
the hairs being lost," she explained. "But when it is done by hand,
it is a simple job, hardly any is lost. Plus it is a job that nearly anyone can
do, even those with a physical disability." SoGoodToWear also aims to
teach the locals in Nepal how to spin the cashmere wool and naturally dye it.
In this way, they aim to create new jobs and take control of their own cashmere
supply chain, from the goat to the finished product.
#??#
SoGoodToWear: Making fashion the
way it should be made
SoGoodToWear expects to have produced the
first batch of its own cashmere in a year from now. From there on, they will
start to make new collections, with the aim ensuring that 100 percent of their
cashmere is own sourced within 4 to 6 years. “At the moment we purchase
certified cashmere wool to use in our collections. But this is still not ideal,
as when we want to travel to places where this cashmere wool is gathered, we
can’t. It makes it hard. Taking control of our own supply chain by working with
the social enterprise to produce our own cashmere, makes things a lot easier
for us. Of course, it’s not just about having a good supply chain, we also work
hard to ensure that our products are designed well and are appealing to
customers, so it's not just a charity project. We are just making fashion the
way it should be made.”
For more news, please pay attention to Cardigan
fair.
Source:
FASHIONUNITED
#??#
Aid by Trade Foundation introduces world’s first cashmere standard
Cashmere is a raw material for making Cardigans. Cardigan fair got news recently, the non-profit organisation Aid by Trade Foundation (AbTF) has developed the world’s first standard for sustainably produced cashmere, called The Good Cashmere Standard. It takes the cashmere goats’ welfare into account while incorporating social and environmental standards in cashmere production.
The Aid by Trade Foundation (AbTF) was founded in 2005 by Prof. Dr. Michael Otto, an entrepreneur from Hamburg, Germany. Originally the foundation was named “Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry in Developing Countries” (FSAF). In 2007, the foundation changed its name to “Aid by Trade Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry”. The aim of the foundation, which operates independently ever since, is to help people to help themselves through trade, thereby promoting environmental protection and securing the livelihoods of future generations. With the support of various partners from industry, government, research, and NGOs, the foundation focuses on aid by trade. Beyond supporting sustainable cultivation of agricultural and forestry products, the long-term aim is to further develop the value chains in those countries where the raw materials are produced in order to generate maximum added value.
In drafting The Good Cashmere Standard, the Aid by Trade Foundation has defined a new benchmark for the production of sustainable cashmere. The Standard incorporates the Five Freedoms as defined by the Farm Animal Welfare Council. The Good Cashmere Standard follows three main principles: promote animal welfare in cashmere production, support cashmere farmers to secure a sustainable source of income and protect the environment.
Once a luxury product that was combed out by hand by nomadic herders when the goats changed their coats in May, now cashmere has become a mass market product that is no longer obtained naturally but by brutally pulling out the goats’ hair on special farms. This is how it is possible to buy a cashmere sweater at a discount store for 49.99 euros or 42 pounds instead of more than 300 euros or 250 pounds at a luxury boutique.
The Good Cashmere Standard wants to stop this practice and joins the current discussion about the welfare of the cashmere goats and the increasing demand for transparency and corporate responsibility that this natural product demands. “The Good Cashmere Standard improves the cashmere production on many levels. It covers both the welfare of animals, the protection of nature and the working conditions of farmers and farm workers. It has been developed in close collaboration with animal-rights specialists and independent cashmere-production experts,” says the Foundation in a press release.
New cashmere standard campaigns for animal welfare, social change and sustainability
For now, the standard’s focus is on Inner Mongolia where it has started off with 2,000 farmers. The cashmere goats here are kept by settled farmers rather than roaming broad pastures with nomadic herders. The farmers are certified only if proven to be in compliance with the standard’s criteria.
“The Good Cashmere Standard provides a standard for the important resource cashmere. It meets increased consumer demand for sustainability, quality and transparency. Many consumers want to be certain that the textiles they purchase were produced in accordance with social and environmental standards and that no animals were harmed in the process,” confirms Tina Stridde, managing director of AbTF.
The way it works is that the cashmere farmers initially complete a comprehensive series of questions about their livestock-keeping practices. Based on the results, independent third parties then visit the farms to verify the claims. They also check on the proper implementation of the standard.
Brands and retailers join in
A key stakeholder for The Good Cashmere Standard is the Erdos Cashmere Group, one of the largest producers of cashmere, based in Inner Mongolia. “Erdos has been an important partner and supporter for the new standard from the beginning and they will offer and process certified cashmere wool already this year – in addition to four other producers,” says AbTF.
When it comes to brands and retailers, one of Germany’s leading cashmere retailers, Peter Hahn, has brought in their expertise and is the first retail partner of The Good Cashmere Standard. “We are thrilled to be partnering with this new standard from the beginning. It meets our high standards of animal welfare and environmental protection and creates greater security for our customers and even more confidence in our company. With The Good Cashmere Standard, we can offer them products made of cashmere wool that meets the strict criteria of the standard for animal welfare and environmental protection,” comments Patrizia Strupp, head of sustainability at Peter Hahn.
The new standard now offers businesses their first opportunity to sell products made from certified, sustainable cashmere wool from Inner Mongolia. “The demand for The Good Cashmere Standard is correspondingly great. This sends an important signal to the entire textile and fashion sector,” adds Stridde. Apart from Peter Hahn, additional fashion brands including Bestseller, H&M Group, Hugo Boss, J.Crew, Madewell and Lacoste have already joined.
Source: FASHIONUNITED
Cashmere is a raw material for making Cardigans. Cardigan fair got news recently, the non-profit organisation Aid by Trade Foundation (AbTF) has developed the world’s first standard for sustainably produced cashmere, called The Good Cashmere Standard. It takes the cashmere goats’ welfare into account while incorporating social and environmental standards in cashmere production.
The Aid by Trade Foundation (AbTF) was founded in 2005 by Prof. Dr. Michael Otto, an entrepreneur from Hamburg, Germany. Originally the foundation was named “Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry in Developing Countries” (FSAF). In 2007, the foundation changed its name to “Aid by Trade Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry”. The aim of the foundation, which operates independently ever since, is to help people to help themselves through trade, thereby promoting environmental protection and securing the livelihoods of future generations. With the support of various partners from industry, government, research, and NGOs, the foundation focuses on aid by trade. Beyond supporting sustainable cultivation of agricultural and forestry products, the long-term aim is to further develop the value chains in those countries where the raw materials are produced in order to generate maximum added value.
In drafting The Good Cashmere Standard, the Aid by Trade Foundation has defined a new benchmark for the production of sustainable cashmere. The Standard incorporates the Five Freedoms as defined by the Farm Animal Welfare Council. The Good Cashmere Standard follows three main principles: promote animal welfare in cashmere production, support cashmere farmers to secure a sustainable source of income and protect the environment.
Once a luxury product that was combed out by hand by nomadic herders when the goats changed their coats in May, now cashmere has become a mass market product that is no longer obtained naturally but by brutally pulling out the goats’ hair on special farms. This is how it is possible to buy a cashmere sweater at a discount store for 49.99 euros or 42 pounds instead of more than 300 euros or 250 pounds at a luxury boutique.
#??#
The Good Cashmere Standard wants to stop this practice and joins the current discussion about the welfare of the cashmere goats and the increasing demand for transparency and corporate responsibility that this natural product demands. “The Good Cashmere Standard improves the cashmere production on many levels. It covers both the welfare of animals, the protection of nature and the working conditions of farmers and farm workers. It has been developed in close collaboration with animal-rights specialists and independent cashmere-production experts,” says the Foundation in a press release.
New cashmere standard campaigns for animal welfare, social change and sustainability
For now, the standard’s focus is on Inner Mongolia where it has started off with 2,000 farmers. The cashmere goats here are kept by settled farmers rather than roaming broad pastures with nomadic herders. The farmers are certified only if proven to be in compliance with the standard’s criteria.
“The Good Cashmere Standard provides a standard for the important resource cashmere. It meets increased consumer demand for sustainability, quality and transparency. Many consumers want to be certain that the textiles they purchase were produced in accordance with social and environmental standards and that no animals were harmed in the process,” confirms Tina Stridde, managing director of AbTF.
The way it works is that the cashmere farmers initially complete a comprehensive series of questions about their livestock-keeping practices. Based on the results, independent third parties then visit the farms to verify the claims. They also check on the proper implementation of the standard.
Brands and retailers join in
A key stakeholder for The Good Cashmere Standard is the Erdos Cashmere Group, one of the largest producers of cashmere, based in Inner Mongolia. “Erdos has been an important partner and supporter for the new standard from the beginning and they will offer and process certified cashmere wool already this year – in addition to four other producers,” says AbTF.
#??#
When it comes to brands and retailers, one of Germany’s leading cashmere retailers, Peter Hahn, has brought in their expertise and is the first retail partner of The Good Cashmere Standard. “We are thrilled to be partnering with this new standard from the beginning. It meets our high standards of animal welfare and environmental protection and creates greater security for our customers and even more confidence in our company. With The Good Cashmere Standard, we can offer them products made of cashmere wool that meets the strict criteria of the standard for animal welfare and environmental protection,” comments Patrizia Strupp, head of sustainability at Peter Hahn.
The new standard now offers businesses their first opportunity to sell products made from certified, sustainable cashmere wool from Inner Mongolia. “The demand for The Good Cashmere Standard is correspondingly great. This sends an important signal to the entire textile and fashion sector,” adds Stridde. Apart from Peter Hahn, additional fashion brands including Bestseller, H&M Group, Hugo Boss, J.Crew, Madewell and Lacoste have already joined.
Source: FASHIONUNITED
#??#
